The main purpose of this article is to increase the effectiveness of bio-catalysts in technological environments to enhance technical capabilities. With an ambition to explore the developments made in computational techniques, this paper presents a methodology for transforming the characteristics of enzymes and create enhance bio-catalysts. The authors of this study review various approaches of enzyme engineering, such as aided evolution and rational design. The puts more emphasis on the strategic application of intermolecular collaboration, which enhance the attraction between substrates and enzymes. The research also reviews the challenges and development made in approaches employed in immobilizing enzymes. These approaches include a technique for repairing objects by employing polyketone polymer and assesses traditional approaches of permanently attaching objects together. Towards the end of the research, authors introduce a technique for immobilization, such as Huisgen 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition, and Staudinger ligation. In addition, the research assesses the applications of nanoparticles in nano-biocatalysts and the integration of green chemistry standards and principles in enzyme bio-catalysts.
Keywords
Computational Techniques, Bio-Catalysts, Green Chemistry, Enzyme Enhancement, Bio-Engineering, Enzyme Immobilization.
“Technology and industrial progress: the foundations of economic growth,” Choice Reviews Online, vol. 33, no. 07, pp. 33–4028, Mar. 1996, doi: 10.5860/choice.33-4028.
J. M. Reilly, “Green growth and the efficient use of natural resources,” Energy Economics, vol. 34, pp. S85–S93, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.033.
F. Qureshi et al., “Latest eco-friendly avenues on hydrogen production towards a circular bioeconomy: Currents challenges, innovative insights, and future perspectives,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 168, p. 112916, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112916.
D. Astruc, F. Lu, and J. R. Aranzaes, “Nanoparticles as Recyclable Catalysts: The Frontier between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 44, no. 48, pp. 7852–7872, Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1002/anie.200500766.
P. T. Anastas and N. Eghbali, “Green Chemistry: Principles and practice,” Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 301–312, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1039/b918763b.
J. Gao, S. Ma, D. T. Major, K. Nam, J. Pu, and D. G. Truhlar, “Mechanisms and free energies of enzymatic reactions,” Chemical Reviews, vol. 106, no. 8, pp. 3188–3209, Jul. 2006, doi: 10.1021/cr050293k.
C. D. Anobom et al., “From structure to catalysis: Recent developments in the biotechnological applications of Lipases,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, pp. 1–11, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/684506.
S. Lutz, “Beyond directed evolution—semi-rational protein engineering and design,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 734–743, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.08.011.
Y. Gao, C. A. Roberts, J. Zhu, J.-L. Lin, C. A. Chang, and I. Wheeldon, “Tuning Enzyme Kinetics through Designed Intermolecular Interactions Far from the Active Site,” ACS Catalysis, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 2149–2153, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00130.
M. S. Kimber and E. F. Pai, “The active site architecture of Pisum sativum beta -carbonic anhydrase is a mirror image of that of alpha -carbonic anhydrases,” The EMBO Journal, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1407–1418, Apr. 2000, doi: 10.1093/emboj/19.7.1407.
D. Petrović, V. A. Risso, S. C. L. Kamerlin, and J. M. Sanchez-Ruiz, “Conformational dynamics and enzyme evolution,” Journal of the Royal Society Interface, vol. 15, no. 144, p. 20180330, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0330.
P. Turner, G. Mamo, and E. N. Karlsson, “Potential and utilization of thermophiles and thermostable enzymes in biorefining,” Microbial Cell Factories, vol. 6, no. 1, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-6-9.
Homaei, R. Sariri, F. Vianello, and R. Stevanato, “Enzyme immobilization: an update,” Journal of Chemical Biology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 185–205, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1007/s12154-013-0102-9.
L. S. Wong, F. N. Khan, and J. Micklefield, “Selective covalent protein Immobilization: Strategies and applications,” Chemical Reviews, vol. 109, no. 9, pp. 4025–4053, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1021/cr8004668.
Avcı, “Synthesis, characterization and pore size control of mesoporous li4ti5o12, cotio3 and mntio3 thin films,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/handle/11693/28920
Stein and R. C. Schroden, “Colloidal crystal templating of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous solids: materials for photonics and beyond,” Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 553–564, Dec. 2001, doi: 10.1016/s1359-0286(01)00022-5.
E. Agostinelli et al., “Polyketone polymer: A new support for direct enzyme immobilization,” Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 670–678, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.08.011.
E. J. F. Demant, P. B. Jensen, and M. Sehested, “Characterization of the cooperative cross-linking of doxorubicin N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derivatives to water soluble proteins,” Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics, vol. 1118, no. 1, pp. 83–90, Dec. 1991, doi: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90444-5.
M. Frasconi, F. Mazzei, and T. Ferri, “Protein immobilization at gold–thiol surfaces and potential for biosensing,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 398, no. 4, pp. 1545–1564, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-3708-6.
R. S. Loka, C. M. Sadek, N. A. Romaniuk, and C. W. Cairo, “Conjugation of synthetic N-Acetyl-Lactosamine to Azide-Containing proteins using the Staudinger ligation,” Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1842–1849, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1021/bc100209r.
M. S. Singh, S. Chowdhury, and S. Koley, “Advances of azide-alkyne cycloaddition-click chemistry over the recent decade,” Tetrahedron, vol. 72, no. 35, pp. 5257–5283, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.044.
Sharma and S. K. Arya, “Bio-catalysis as a green approach for industrial waste treatment,” in Nanotechnology in the life sciences, 2020, pp. 359–405. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-44176-0_14.
T.-L. Chen, H. Kim, S.-Y. Pan, P.-C. Tseng, Y.-P. Lin, and P. Chiang, “Implementation of green chemistry principles in circular economy system towards sustainable development goals: Challenges and perspectives,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 716, p. 136998, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136998.
N. S. Punekar, ENZYMES: catalysis, kinetics and mechanisms. 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0785-0.
CRediT Author Statement
Authors thank Reviewers for taking the time and effort necessary to review the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics Declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Availability of Data and Materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.
Author Information
Contributions
All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding Author
Sung-Hyouk Kim
Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
This license permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, reproduction, and adaptation in any medium or format, including for commercial purposes, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.
Sung-Hyouk Kim, “Computational Innovations Driving Bio-Catalyst Development in Green Chemistry”, Journal of Smart and Sustainable Farming, pp. 100-109, 2025, doi: 10.64026/JSSF/2025010.