Social networks have a strong impact on economic interactions since they determine how information and resources are exchanged in a community. These high levels of homophily can enhance social cohesiveness and trust, which is important in promoting economic exchange and cooperation within the groups in areas of conflict such as Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In addition, people with high centrality and brokerage capacities are strategic in bridging different groups and sectors, improving economic linkages and robustness. This paper aims to explore the nature of social networks and economic exchange in the conflict-affected areas of Eastern DRC while focusing on homophily, centrality, and multilevel brokerage. By administering questionnaires to civilians, demobilized combatants, and active combatants, the research collects data on social relations and economic engagements. The results also show that all the subgroups are highly homogeneous; however, the most central and capable of brokerage are the active combatants. Blau’s H index shows how individuals can mediate between different armed groups and economic sectors, which indicates their promise for conflict and economic mediation. This study highlights the importance of comprehending social network structures in order to design interventions to foster social connectedness and economic stability in conflict-prone regions.
Keywords
Social Network Analysis, Economic Interactions, Degree Centrality Measurement, Social Connectedness and Economic Stability, Network Modeling.
M. Herold, N. C. Goldstein, and K. C. Clarke, “The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 286–302, Aug. 2003, doi: 10.1016/s0034-4257(03)00075-0.
J. M. Klopp and D. L. Petretta, “The urban sustainable development goal: Indicators, complexity and the politics of measuring cities,” Cities, vol. 63, pp. 92–97, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.019.
M. Pautasso et al., “Global macroecology of bird assemblages in urbanized and semi-natural ecosystems,” Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 426–436, Nov. 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00616.x.
S. Porta, P. Crucitti, and V. Latora, “The Network Analysis of Urban Streets: A Primal Approach,” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 705–725, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1068/b32045.
C. Fang, X. Yu, X. Zhang, J. Fang, and H. Liu, “Big data analysis on the spatial networks of urban agglomeration,” Cities, vol. 102, p. 102735, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2020.102735.
L. Wei et al., “Multiscale identification of urban functional polycentricity for planning implications: An integrated approach using geo-big transport data and complex network modeling,” Habitat International, vol. 97, p. 102134, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102134.
P. Neirotti, A. De Marco, A. C. Cagliano, G. Mangano, and F. Scorrano, “Current trends in Smart City initiatives: Some stylised facts,” Cities, vol. 38, pp. 25–36, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.010.
S. Tabassum, F. S. F. Pereira, S. Fernandes, and J. Gama, “Social network analysis: An overview,” WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, vol. 8, no. 5, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1002/widm.1256.
A. Majeed and I. Rauf, “Graph Theory: A Comprehensive Survey about Graph Theory Applications in Computer Science and Social Networks,” Inventions, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 10, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/inventions5010010.
H. Behbahani, S. Nazari, M. Jafari Kang, and T. Litman, “A conceptual framework to formulate transportation network design problem considering social equity criteria,” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 125, pp. 171–183, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.005.
K. Mets, J. A. Ojea, and C. Develder, “Combining Power and Communication Network Simulation for Cost-Effective Smart Grid Analysis,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1771–1796, 2014, doi: 10.1109/surv.2014.021414.00116.
C. Haythornthwaite, “Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange,” Library & Information Science Research, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 323–342, Sep. 1996, doi: 10.1016/s0740-8188(96)90003-1.
D. J. Griffin, A. V. Somaraju, C. Dishop, and R. P. DeShon, “Evaluating Interdependence in workgroups: a Network-Based Method,” Organizational Research Methods, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 459–498, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1177/10944281211068179. D. J. Griffin, A. V. Somaraju, C. Dishop, and R. P. DeShon, “Evaluating Interdependence in Workgroups: A Network-Based Method,” Organizational Research Methods, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 459–498, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1177/10944281211068179.
K. W. De Bock et al., “Explainable AI for Operational Research: A defining framework, methods, applications, and a research agenda,” European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 317, no. 2, pp. 249–272, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2023.09.026.
M. S. Mizruchi and B. B. Potts, “Centrality and power revisited: actor success in group decision making,” Social Networks, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 353–387, Oct. 1998, doi: 10.1016/s0378-8733(98)00009-4.
A. Landherr, B. Friedl, and J. Heidemann, “A Critical Review of Centrality Measures in Social Networks,” Business & Information Systems Engineering, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 371–385, Oct. 2010, doi: 10.1007/s12599-010-0127-3.
A. Delorme and S. Makeig, “EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis,” Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 9–21, Mar. 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009.
P. V. Marsden, “Egocentric and sociocentric measures of network centrality,” Social Networks, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 407–422, Oct. 2002, doi: 10.1016/s0378-8733(02)00016-3.
L. Leydesdorff, “Betweenness centrality as an indicator of the interdisciplinarity of scientific journals,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 1303–1319, Jun. 2007, doi: 10.1002/asi.20614.
T. Qiao, W. Shan, and C. Zhou, “How to Identify the Most Powerful Node in Complex Networks? A Novel Entropy Centrality Approach,” Entropy, vol. 19, no. 11, p. 614, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.3390/e19110614.
H.-W. Ma and A.-P. Zeng, “The connectivity structure, giant strong component and centrality of metabolic networks,” Bioinformatics, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1423–1430, Jul. 2003, doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg177.
G. J. Lemoine, G. Koseoglu, H. Ghahremani, and T. C. Blum, “Importance-Weighted Density: A Shared Leadership Illustration of the Case for Moving Beyond Density and Decentralization in Particularistic Resource Networks,” Organizational Research Methods, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 432–456, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1177/1094428118792077.
L. Jasny and M. Lubell, “Two-mode brokerage in policy networks,” Social Networks, vol. 41, pp. 36–47, May 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2014.11.005.
A. Abbasi, L. Hossain, and L. Leydesdorff, “Betweenness centrality as a driver of preferential attachment in the evolution of research collaboration networks,” Journal of Informetrics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 403–412, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.joi.2012.01.002.
A. Baumert et al., “Integrating Personality Structure, Personality Process, and Personality Development,” European Journal of Personality, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 503–528, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1002/per.2115.
Z. Moghfeli, M. Ghorbani, M. R. Rezvani, M. A. Khorasani, H. Azadi, and J. Scheffran, “Social capital and farmers’ leadership in Iranian rural communities: application of social network analysis,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 977–1001, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1080/09640568.2021.2008329.
R. Jorritsma, “Where General International Law meets International Humanitarian Law: Attribution of Conduct and the Classification of Armed Conflicts,” Journal of Conflict and Security Law, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 405–431, 2018, doi: 10.1093/jcsl/kry025.
R. D. Rosen, “Targeting enemy forces in the war on terror: preserving civilian immunity,” Social Science Research Network, May 2009, [Online]. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1410195_code415793.pdf?abstractid=1410195&mirid=1
E. Yan and Y. Ding, “Applying centrality measures to impact analysis: A coauthorship network analysis,” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 2107–2118, Jun. 2009, doi: 10.1002/asi.21128.
N. Kourtellis, T. Alahakoon, R. Simha, A. Iamnitchi, and R. Tripathi, “Identifying high betweenness centrality nodes in large social networks,” Social Network Analysis and Mining, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 899–914, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s13278-012-0076-6.
D. Camacho, Á. Panizo-LLedot, G. Bello-Orgaz, A. Gonzalez-Pardo, and E. Cambria, “The four dimensions of social network analysis: An overview of research methods, applications, and software tools,” Information Fusion, vol. 63, pp. 88–120, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.inffus.2020.05.009.
E. Costenbader and T. W. Valente, “The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled,” Social Networks, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 283–307, Oct. 2003, doi: 10.1016/s0378-8733(03)00012-1.
N. Vastardis and Kun Yang, “Mobile Social Networks: Architectures, Social Properties, and Key Research Challenges,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1355–1371, 2013, doi: 10.1109/surv.2012.060912.00108.
X. Kong, Y. Shi, S. Yu, J. Liu, and F. Xia, “Academic social networks: Modeling, analysis, mining and applications,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 132, pp. 86–103, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2019.01.029.
J. M. Luiz, B. Ganson, and A. Wennmann, “Business environment reforms in fragile and conflict-affected states: From a transactions towards a systems approach,” Journal of International Business Policy, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 217–236, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1057/s42214-019-00030-z.
J. E. Groce, M. A. Farrelly, B. S. Jorgensen, and C. N. Cook, “Using social‐network research to improve outcomes in natural resource management,” Conservation Biology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 53–65, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1111/cobi.13127.
CRediT Author Statement
The author reviewed the paper and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Author(s) thanks to European University Institute for research lab and equipment support.
Funding
No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics Declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Availability of Data and Materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.
Author Information
Contributions
All authors have equal contribution in the paper and all authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding Author
Geim Sllian
Center for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Fiesole FI, Italy.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. To view a copy of this license, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Cite this Article
Geim Sllian, “Social and Economic Network Dynamics in Eastern DRC Conflict Zones”, Journal of Computer and Communication Networks, pp. 119-128, 2025, doi: 10.64026/JCCN/2025012.